Summarise the strategic options that are appropriate to ZARA and make Essay

Sum up the vital choices that are suitable to ZARA and make complete for ZARA to support its future situation in the - Essay Example This trouble of the impersonation is one of the establishments the authority procedure depends on. Zara has figured out how to effectively abuse its monetary of scale through its size and volume of creation. Passemard sees that there is a connection between firm-size estimated as far as volume of creation. In light of this comprehension, and thinking about that Zara sells mid-range quality design attire at reasonable costs, its unit creation is least. The ideal volume of creation is arrived at when the normal expense per unit creation is negligible. (Passemard, 2006). Zara has likewise figured out how to support the administration procedure due to its volume of creation. Passemard, brings up that with a significant level of creation, an organization can buy and utilize particular assembling instruments which other little organizations can't bear (Passemard, 2006). The examination demonstrates that the merchandize in the downpour office has a limit of just 45,000 collapsed pieces of c lothing every hour and that this office has its confinement except if greater limit can be made somewhere else. A further report by Adams sees that cost bit of leeway might be related with division of work, which evidently is one of the key elements of Zara proficiency of work. The examination demonstrates that at Zara, the structure assortments are created by imaginative groups instead of gatherings of originators. By and large execution of initiative methodology requires firms that can deliver generally basic normalized items and simultaneously can sell those items at similarly low costs. This component contrasts different organizations who seek after business or corporate techniques from Zara. Zara has figured out how to keep its minimal effort creation by guaranteeing that they keep up the flexibly and give the assortment to the flavor of the provider. The examination focuses that Zara stores is loaded with things custom-made to the flavor of the neighborhood customer base and t hat one could never wind up seeming as though another person. As per Adams, for the cost maker system to work best, purchasers must have the option to utilize the item similarly and have a lot of same needs and prerequisite when purchasers are huge and have critical dealing power (Frankl and Rubik, 2000). This is underscored by Porter in his examination of the purchaser power while looking at the Porter’s Five powers. Doorman calls attention to that this system will be proficient if the industry’s item is a standard item which is promptly accessible from assortment of dealers. On account of Zara, there are a few outlets giving nearly a similar climate all over Northern Spain and the remainder of the world. In perception of the Porter Five powers, Zara has had the option to shield itself from the opponents, purchasers, providers, expected participants and substitutes. The investigation uncovers that Zara has figured out how to keep off the new participant by transparent decrease of costs for fake purposes just as utilizing its predominance and economies of scale to contain the contenders like GAP. Recognize the corporate level systems In distinguishing corporate development methodologies, this paper will consider that utilization of Ansoff network. Zara has abused the utilization of the matrix.Ansoff lattice depict elective corporate development methodologies. This technique investigates the present and future likely development of the business dependent on the items and markets. While taking a gander at the situation of Zara, it is imperative to calls attention to that

How Do I Get Started With Hot to Write an Essay?

How Do I Get Started With Hot to Write an Essay?'How do I get started with how to write an essay?' This is the question that most students ask as they find that there is more than one way to go about writing an essay. Though it can be intimidating to jump into something that is completely new, there are a few things that you need to do in order to get started with how to write an essay.One of the first things that you need to do when it comes to writing is that you need to really understand the writing style that you want to use. When it comes to essay writing, you can use any style of writing. It is all up to you and how much information you are willing to share. Before you begin writing your essay, make sure that you know what type of essay you are going to be writing.There are a number of people who write in a personal way while others write in their own individual style. You should know what kind of writing style you want to use when you are ready to write your essay. If you do n ot know what your writing style is, then take some time to research and learn your writing style so that you will be able to determine how you are going to go about writing an essay.You should also learn how to format your essay so that it is very easy to read and a good essay can be written by anyone with no problem. Once you have learned the basics of writing an essay, then you can move on to learning how to format your essay and getting started with hot to write an essay.Know what you want to say and what you want to accomplish. Some students start their essay at the beginning and read through their whole essay. However, when they finally get to the part that they think would help their professor, they stop there. You should know that you do not have to read through everything. Take out some time to write down a list of points that you want to address in your class. This will help you organize your thoughts and give you something to look forward to in your essay. You should also take a look at your notes and decide if you want to use those points.After you have written your essay, it is now time to take a look at it to see if it meets your needs and expectations. If you think that it does not meet your expectations, then take some time to change it or rewrite it. This will help you learn about the writing process and help you work out some problems with the essay that you may be having.The most important part about getting started with hot to write an essay is that you know what you want to say and what you want to accomplish. You need to know what kind of essay you want to write before you begin writing. If you can write a great essay, then you can continue to write them and eventually you will become an expert on the topic that you are writing about.

Developing a relationship between student and teacher Free Essays

string(326) guidance frameworks is constantly changing because of the modification in the public eye requests, â€Å" a considerable lot of the teachers need assets and expert improvement bolster required for this clasp of adjustment to be a time of individual developing, rather it turns into a clasp of accentuation and sentiment of deficiency † . In ongoing clasp, there is a whole other world to learning than simply introducing course of study ; hence Teachers are increasingly worried about how to build up a decent obtaining condition. Encouraging technique is currently centered around how to embrace issues, for example, the kind of requests to be asked, who should answer them in Class, roughly when to gain engaged with medications, when and how to advance and rebuke students what's more when to mix or decelerate down. These requests are various and the rundown could go endlessly. We will compose a custom article test on Building up a connection among understudy and educator or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Instructors are other than conscious of the distinctions in classifications with every class building up its ain alone larning condition. In this manner when educators show two classifications in a similar twelvemonth degree with a similar class, the classification needs fluctuates as an outcome of their disparities A relationship exists among Students and Teacher as an outcome of the Learning condition. In given clasp standards of conduct are built up, both on the bit of the teacher each piece great as by the understudies, as qualities and points of view toward the two sides become clear. A conduct structure results from this dependent on the discernment that students have of their teacher and delicacy versa. Along these lines following in an obtaining domain which may either be a truly reassuring one where students make the most of their work and experience regarded or be detering if the work ethos and good connections are missing. Blending to a Research into schoolroom larning situations by Fraser1994, and Wubbels A ; Levy, 1993 which depends on understudies ‘ perceptual encounters of their procurement condition it is built up that students ‘ larning practices in class will be for the most part controlled by the way in which they see their obtaining condition. This can be more remote validated, by another overview completed by Brekelmans, Wubbels A ; Creton, 1990 which other than demonstrate that understudies ‘ perceptual encounters of their teacher ‘s relational conduct represented more inconsistency in student results than did the introduction of another common methods of reasoning course of study. Plus, Brekelmans, Wubbels A ; Levy, 1993 other than outlined that students ‘ perceptual encounters of their educator ‘s relational conduct represented disparity of a full evaluation class. Applied FRAMEWORK Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) organized the exploration towards determining the â€Å" perfect † picture of value in logical order guidance and securing, to occur out the â€Å" existent † example of what is go oning in schools, taking everything into account, to create viable suggestions to go towards shuting the spread between the existent and perfect. This was accomplished through a various strategy for informations conglomeration which incorporates methodical reappraisal of instructive research, logical control course of study and studies ; bunch gatherings of logical order educators ; arbitrary phone investigation of teachers ; student ‘s studies and total of informations from partners. . Perfect PICTURE The perfect picture cardinal balance is that logical education is a high priority for all human along these lines empowering them to create contribution and understanding the universe around them, other than leting them to indict in talks of logical control, to be questioning and inquisitive of cases of others on logical related issues so as to have the option to put requests and give choices dependent on grounds, what's more to move out conclusions about the earth and their ain great being and health. The perfect and existent picture is in this way portrayed by Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) in the undermentioned subjects: â€Å" ( 1 ) The logical control course of study is pertinent to the requests, concerns and individual encounters of students. ( 2 ) Teaching and securing of logical control is fixated on enquiry. Understudies research, idea and preliminary musings and records about the regular universe. ( 3 Assessment serves the plan of procurement and is predictable with and corresponding to great guidance. ( 4 ) The instructing learning condition is portrayed by delight, satisfaction, responsibility for the fight to come in procurement, and basic respect between the educator and students. ( 5 ) Teachers are long lasting researchers who are upheld, supported and resourced to Build the anxieties and abilities expected of cutting edge best Practice. ( 6 ) Teachers of logical order have a perceived calling path dependent on sound proficient measures embraced by the calling. ( 7 ) Excellent establishments, gear and assets bolster guidance and procurement. ( 8 ) Class sizes make it conceivable to utilize an extent of learning plans and flexibly Open doors for the educator to get to cognize each child as a researcher and give Criticism to people. ( 9 ) Science and logical control guidance are esteemed by the network, have high priority the school course of study, and logical order guidance is seen as energizing and significant, Loaning essentially to the improvement of people and to the monetary and cultural prosperity of the state † . Real Picture The existent picture of logical order guidance and larning appear to be an extremely dissatisfactory one what's more of extraordinary inconstancy. Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) , clarified that course of study articulations all things considered â€Å" gracefully a model for a logical order course of study concentrated on creating logical proficiency and helping understudies progress toward achieving the expressed outcomes, the existent course of study actualized in many schools is not the same as the proposed course of study † . In their examination it is seen that in certain occurrences some elementary schools do non learn logical control at all henceforth, students come up short on the logical foundation and where educated on a normal balance, all exercises are focused towards the understudy, coming about a high level of understudy fulfillment thus making a space to include logical order. A significant number of the understudies on getting to the secondary school feel enormously crushed, in light of the fact that the logical control they were instructed is neither significant nor engaging and does non look applicable with their inclusions and encounters. The new obtaining condition described with the Traditional chalk-and-talk Teaching strategy, note replicating and commonsense exercises which the students are currently sing gives little test and no space for invigoration. A high figure of logical order teachers feel underestimated, with no equivalent asset and over-burden with non learning duties. As the guidance frameworks is constantly changing in light of the adjustment in the public eye requests, â€Å" huge numbers of the educators need assets and expert advancement bolster required for this clasp of modification to be a time of individual developing, rather it turns into a clasp of accentuation and sentiment of inadequacy † . You read Building up a connection among understudy and educator in class Paper models It is subsequently as an outcome of this that up to half of teachers of logical control degree Celsius ) hypertext move convention:/www.aare.edu.au/98pap/fis98269.htmonsider adjustment in calling. Writing REVIEW. Goodrum, Hackling and Rennie ( 2000 ) completed an examination writing on course of study paperss and contemplates refering logical control guidance in schools followed by union of research about the guidance and procurement of logical order. Foregrounding the significance of logical proficiency as a general expectation for logical guidance for all understudies what's more having a spot that great guidance gives the encounters and strong condition that energizes logical order obtaining. Which means AND IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERACY. Science is a segment of the human chase for comprehension and shrewdness, along these lines reflecting human marvel about the universe. Getting an entrance to what logical proficiency is, will ensure that we recognize its significance as it is cardinal to quality guidance and obtaining in logical order. Logical proficiency is characterized obviously in the National Science Education Standards ( NSES ) [ NRC, 1996 ] . Quickly, it is â€Å" the perception and fear of logical builds and systems required for individual assurance concocting, commitment in community and social individual businesss, and monetary productiveness † ( p.22 ) . . Logical education has numerous perspectives, from leting a person to ask, occur, or decide answers to requests got from wonder about ordinary encounters.- the capacity of a person to portray, elucidate, and anticipate normal phenomenon.Therefore leting Persons to uncover their logical education in various manners, for example, using capable footings in the fitting ways, or in logical builds applications and techniques. Other than making the road for people to every now and again hold contrasts in proficiency in various circles, for example, all the more comprehension of life-science builds and words, and less comprehension of physical-science develops and words. Logical proficiency has differing signifiers and grades which endures over a real existence time, it enlarges and develops, and non restricted to mature ages in school. Be that as it may, It he

How Long Should Your Harvard Application Essay Be

Harvard Business School has really gone out of its way to present itself in opposition to the  stodgy, elitist image it tends to hold in the MBA world. Through the use of its blog and a more simplified application and essay format, HBS has taken a much more casual approach to letting candidates tell their story during this years application season. This approach has primarily manifested itself through the school’s choice to only offer one essay prompt in their application. As opposed to other MBA programs that require applicants to write  two, three, and sometimes  even four essays, Harvard’s sole essay requirement puts a lot of pressure on applicants to make the most of the limited word count they are given in this one chance to impress the Admissions Committee. But wait, what word count? The last few years, Harvard has also done away with adding a word count to their essays,  putting the decision of length  for the school’s only essay in the hands of the applicant. I know this is HBS, and like most applicants you will probably  want to share as much of your story in this essay as possible to convince the school of your merits, but this essay is more about how you can effectively communicate a response to an open-ended question in a concise and compelling fashion than it is about cramming every detail of your professional and personal life into one essay. The best way to do this is to answer the question asked and only the question asked. Harvard is looking to get a response to the question they have asked for a reason   if they wanted additional information from you, they would have asked or will ask in other stages of the application process (through the application form, interview, etc.). As such, youll want to keep your response to this essay short. Avoid responses that stray above 1,000 words and settle into the 500-750 word range, instead. An essay that is 1,000 or more words is almost a whopping 15-minutes when read aloud! Keep in mind the school’s guidance: â€Å"don’t overthink, overcraft, and overwrite.† This is literally the approach you should take here. HBS receives almost 9,000 applications every year   that is a lot of reading, so the further you stray over 1,000 words,  the more of a disadvantage you put yourself at. If you are struggling keeping your essay concise, make sure you are avoiding answering traditional MBA essay topics that are not actually being asked in the prompt. Often applicants get nervous if they do not have the opportunity to formally communicate common business school information like â€Å"Why HBS? or â€Å"Why MBA?†. Avoid this temptation and respond to the prompt in a concise, authentic, and compelling fashion to give yourself the best chance of success in crafting your Harvard application essay. For more tips on applying to Harvard Business School, check out our Essential Guide to Top Business Schools. Applying to Harvard or other business schools? Call us at 1-800-925-7737 and speak with an MBA admissions expert today, or take our free MBA Admissions Profile Evaluation  for personalized advice for your unique application situation! As always, be sure to find us on  Facebook,  YouTube,  Google+  and Twitter. Dozie A.  is a Veritas Prep Head Consultant for the Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University. His specialties include consulting, marketing, and low GPA/GMAT applicants. You can read more articles by him  here.

The Things They Carried Vietnam Essay - 1571 Words

How Society Influences Man: Tim O Brien in Vietnam Tim O Brien s novel The Things They Carried is meant to display the effects of Vietnam on both American soldiers as well as the boys they once were. Vietnam is a society where human decency is left behind, and death is embraced as either a joke or an escape--where the horrors of reality are turned comical and exaggerated in order to keep going. Tim O Brien shows how Vietnam turns him from a boy unknowing of death, to a young man unwilling to face it, to a soldier laughing in the face of it, to a veteran unwilling to leave it behind, and finally, to an author left to make sense of it all. Before describing the effects of Vietnam, first it is necessary to know how Tim O Brien was†¦show more content†¦By this point, he is a different person than he was as a child, a college graduate with a distaste for the Vietnam war like many other American citizens of the time. He believes himself to be too smart, too compassionate, too everything for the war (O Brien 26). By being forced to war by a draft board, he rages against having no options and the unfairness of it all---he revels in his righteousness, his feeling of being wronged, and uses this to help convince himself that he has every right to run from Vietnam. O Brien convinces himself he has every right to run from death, yet still managed to be divided when it came to actually getting up to run. Thus, when he abandons his little town to flee to Canada and escape the war, his constant juggle between doing what was expected of him and doing what would keep him alive is the conflict between the young boy clinging t o Linda alive and healthy and the soldier he will soon have to become. In the end, his fear of facing the disappoint of his family and peers is too great, and he returns home to face the war. While this decision is what gets him to Vietnam, however, it is not the decision that alters him forever. No, it is Vietnam that sheds away both the little boy O Brien once was and the righteous college graduate who feared his town s judgement. Vietnam, in a way, is much like a person, and how it adapts to affect individuals is beneficial to understanding how it changed O BrienShow MoreRelatedComparison of the Vietnam War and in The Things They Carried Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesIn the twentieth century many young adults and many other men were chosen/ drafted to enter the war. The Vietnam War started during the time period of 1959 and this brutal war ended on 1975. It started with the United States sending aid and military advisors to the Southern part Vietnam. The U.S helped the southerners of Vietnam because the northern part of Viet was a communist state so the south wanted to end Communism up in the north. Also, this war was said to be one of the bloodiest wars thatRead MoreThe Vietnam War in The Things They Carried by Tim O ´brien Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesThe Vietnam War. A war that many Americans believed unfair and unnecessary. â€Å"Why am I being sent off to fight in a war I don’t know anythin g about? Will I ever return again?† Many draftees asked themselves these questions hoping to find comfort in the answers. But there was little to no hope, and they knew it. They were being drafted and they could do absolutely nothing about it, only hope that at the end they would be returning to the enlightened faces of their loved ones, something that not manyRead MoreEssay about The Things they Carried Symbolism772 Words   |  4 Pages The Things They Carried: Essay Prompt Two Tim O’Brien writes about both the physical objects they carry as well as their emotional burdens. The objects that these soldiers carry serve as a symbolism for what they are carrying in their hearts and minds. The soldiers carry items varying from pantyhose, medicine, tanning oil, and pictures. Jimmy Cross is an inexperienced sophomore in college, he signs up for the Reserve Officers Training Camp because his friends are doing the course. Jimmy Cross doesn’tRead MoreAnalysis Of Sweetheart Of The Song Tra Bong In Things They Carried889 Words   |  4 PagesThings They Carried Essay Anything can change a person if they are not ready for that change. The short story Sweetheart of The Song Tra Bong, in Things They Carried, by Tim O’Brien represents this by showing change in Mary Anne, who is a character the reader probably would not expect to see in a book about the Vietnam War. There are many parts show the change in her from the average high school girl she used to be into a predatory killer, but there is only one reason for her change, and that isRead MorePersuasive Essay : The Things They Carried Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pages11/29/16 Persuasive Essay: The Things They Carried Are moral standards in the eye of the beholder? According to one author, â€Å"we’ve seriously lost our way†, going on to state, â€Å"we are like mean adrift at sea without a compass† (Hulme). In literature as in biology, the mantra of form fits function applies and heightens a reader’s appreciation of a writer’s choice and how they contribute to a work of literature. In Tim O’Brien’s collection of short stories, The Things They Carried, the narrative,Read MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien1377 Words   |  6 PagesTyler Nooney Trafford P.6 The Things They Carried Essay The central theme and true meaning of courage is shown vividly in numerous instances throughout Tim O’Brien’s classic novel The Things They Carried. O’Brien’s novel begins with the courage of coming of age, along with the author’s loss of his innocence. Tim, the protagonist of this novel, goes through an incredible change in belief when he must choose to either run away from the Vietnam War or unwillingly join the bloody battle, of which heRead MoreForeignness in Vietnam: The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien 566 Words   |  3 PagesForeignness in Vietnam When you think of what is foreign to the common soldier in the vietnam war you usually think of the vietnamese people or the terrain. In the book The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien twists the idea of what is foreign to the common soldier in Vietnam. The opposite happens too, what was so familiar not too long ago back home seems almost completely unknown to them now. O’Brien even shows similarities between the American soldiers and the Viet-Cong. In the Vignette the â€Å"ManRead MoreWhen is war justified715 Words   |  3 Pageslook back at themself and wonder, â€Å"Was it worth all the lives we lost in battle?† The Vietnam War is a common reminder of a Humanitarian War that caused many people to look back and wonder if it was worth it. Imagine if you were chosen to fight in the Vietnam War. The thought of losing your life in a war that was fought out of national liberation would be terrifying to most. In the book, The Things They Carried, the chapter â€Å"On the Rainy River† is the perfect examination of a young man who has beenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Things They Carried 1409 Words   |  6 PagesDenali Dickson Butler July 22, 2014 Long Form I. The Author and His Times: 1. Birth- October 1, 1946 to present 2. The Things They Carried was published January 1, 1990. This novel discusses stories from the Vietnam War, written many years afterwards. The book shares stories from several different people during the war and shares the truth as they remember it. 3. The factor that influenced the author in his decision to publish this novel was his desire to share his stories with the world. StoriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Tim O Brien s The Things They Carried Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesXizhao Liu(Amber) American Literature Essay #3 Nov. 11, 2016 Male love in The Things They Carried The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien is a fictional book consisting of different stories from Vietnam war. Tim O’Brien was trying to convey the real perspectives of the war to his readers by telling facts and stories through his personal memories he got from the war, and how things effect them and their life after the war. In order to express the tension in the war, O’Brien depicts the experience of

Descriptive Essay About Losing A Pet - 982 Words

Among the saddest truths about this lifetime is this: A dog’s life is significantly shorter than a human’s life. I said goodbye to my beloved Miniature Schnauzer, Samson, on March 26th, 2017. He was ten years old. It is an opinion to say that losing a pet is like losing a member of the family. The fact is, though, it is an understatement. Dogs are unique in their own ways. As it is said, â€Å"Grief is the price you pay for love.† And I paid a heavy priced that day. It is unbelievable how we take things for granted. Plans are made for each day, and we do not think twice about those plans. Unfortunately, they can change in the blink of an eye. I never personally thought much about it, until I was faced with the shock and tragedy of the death†¦show more content†¦Pam Brown once said, â€Å"If there is a heaven, it is certain our animals are to be there. Their lives become so interwoven with our own than an archangel to detangle them (Brown,n.d.).† He is now buried in our backyard with his own stone with the words, â€Å"You may have left my life, but you will never leave my heart† engraved. We received many sympathy cards, but it did not make the situation any better. However, it was nice to know my friends and family cared. It was the saddest time in my life. Not a day goes by that I do not think about him. It is very tough to not break down when I think or talk about him. He was a special boy. For the longest time, there was a void feeling in my house. A hole was left in my family’s hearts. I knew Samson would have wanted me to give his doggie bed and squeak toys to another deserving dog. He had a wet nose and a huge heart. Once, in the first week following his passing, I came through my front door and looked at the area where he would usually be sitting or lying. I called for him with the foolish notation that he would appear and come running to me. But of course, he did not. Then, I walked past his empty foo d bowls and tears started running down my face. It was a shattering reminder that he was gone and never coming back. Grief was exhausting and painful to say the least. The day after Samson died, I could not drag myself out of bed. I missed school that day. I could not bear the feeling of coming home, and him not waiting for meShow MoreRelatedHow to Write a Business Report Essay18530 Words   |  75 PagesReports and proposals After reading this chapter you should be able to: †¢ Explain the differences and similarities between formats, types or sub-genres of reports †¢ Explain the differences and similarities between reports and essays †¢ Explain why documents need to contain an appropriate balance of information and persuasion †¢ Demonstrate competence in writing a longer, analytical research report †¢ Explain the differences between reports and submissions, proposals and tenders So you’ve got toRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 Pagesconsideration) Chapter 7. Practicum on sportscasting Chapter 8. Future concerns and considerations about sports and sportscasting Designed for teachers and students, as well as anyone interested in the topic, the Exercises in Sportscasting includes a range of ap5 6 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING proaches. The idea here is that participants in this process will want to learn as much as they can about the subject. As you will see, each chapter offers several ways to enhance the learning process.Read MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesconsideration) Chapter 7. Practicum on sportscasting Chapter 8. Future concerns and considerations about sports and sportscasting Designed for teachers and students, as well as anyone interested in the topic, the Exercises in Sportscasting includes a range of ap5 6 EXERCISES IN SPORTSCASTING proaches. The idea here is that participants in this process will want to learn as much as they can about the subject. As you will see, each chapter offers several ways to enhance the learning process. SomeRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wifeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesCoaching and Counseling 244 Coaching and Counseling Problems 245 Defensiveness and Disconfirmation 246 Principles of Supportive Communication 247 Supportive Communication Is Based on Congruence, Not Incongruence 247 Supportive Communication Is Descriptive, Not Evaluative 248 Supportive Communication Is Problem-oriented, Not Person-oriented 250 Supportive Communication Validates Rather than Invalidates Individuals 251 Supportive Communication Is Specific (Useful), Not Global (Nonuseful) 253 SupportiveRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesDonnaree, my wife, and Donnisa, my daughter, the two persons around whom my life revolves; and to the ancestors whose struggles have enabled us to survive and thrive This page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience forRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestruth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries Chapter 2: Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Chapter 3: Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Chapter 4: Neo-modernistRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEnvironment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! 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Results and conclusion for aspirin synthesis free essay sample

The impure (crude) aspirin was powered and fluffy with small clumps and was slightly yellow in colour whereas the pure aspirin has a less fluffy crystalline powder and was whiter. This showed distinct differences in the two substances but similarities were also apparent showing aspirin, in some level, was created. Before recrystallisation the crude aspirin could of included impurities such as: Acetic acid (a product of the reaction process). Recrystallisation helps to eliminate impurities; the precipitation process eradicates soluble impurities as aspirin has a higher precipitation temperature so converts to a solid while other impure components are left as soluble in the solution. The yield is calculated to look at how well the reaction has been completed. This reaction is simplified to: C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 C9H8O4 + C2H4O2 To work out the yield; 0. 917g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (0. 917/138) * 180 138 (the molar mass of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid) 180 (the molar mass of aspirin) Theoretical yield: 1. 196g 3 d. p. Percentage yield is worked out by Actual yield of synthesised aspirin: 0. 347g 0. 347/1. 196 * 100= 29 Percentage yield: 29% Melting Points CompoundBegan Melting ( °C)Totally Melted ( °C)Range ( °C) Pure Aspirin1361-2 Crude Aspirin1251305 Product from Willow Bark1201255 The documented melting point for pure aspirin is 136 °C. An impure compound will exhibit a lower melting point than this, which is what was observed in both the willow bark product and the crude aspirin. Pure aspirin has a narrow temperature range during which it changes from a solid to a liquid; this range is less than 2 °C. The sharpness of the melting point is useful to measure purity using pure aspirin as a comparison. As both types of aspirin melted over a temperature range of 5 °C it’s indicative that both substances have many impurities. The range of melting points for the crude aspirin and product of willow bark in comparison to the pure aspirin is obvious and can show the level and amount of impurity in both compounds. Chromatography Different constituents of each mixture travel at different speeds along the paper causing the components to separate. Above is a picture of the chromatography, comparing phenol (P), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2), pure aspirin (A), crude aspirin (I) and product from willow bark (W). Only two of the spots have been circled here, more were seen after this picture was taken but an image of the final separation was not photographed only observations were made (see table). CompoundRf value (numbered for multiple spots per compound) Phenol control4/6 = 0. 6 2-hydroxybenzoic acid4. 4/6 = 0. 73’ Pure aspirin5. 7-6 = 0. 95 Crude aspirin 0.5/6 = 0. 083’ Product from willow bark1. 1. 2/6= 0. 20 2. 2. 6/6 = 0. 43’ 3. 1-6 = 0. 16’ Rf = Retardation factor. The documented Rf for pure aspirin is 0. 56; however this experiment shows pure aspirin to be 0. 95, therefore for the purpose of comparison the documented value shall be used. This could be due to contamination, incorrect processes in the procedure, the amount of solution used or the temperature of the solution, although some of these fa ctors are difficult to keep constant in the environment. The Phenol compound was used as a comparison. The result shows phenol is lighter than pure aspirin as it doesn’t contain as many atoms in its structure, with a molecular mass of 94. 11 g/mol. See Fig 1. 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, which is the main metabolite of aspirin, shows it is also molecularly lighter (in that it is moved further up the paper when soluble) than crude aspirin or pure aspirin. We would expect to see this because crude aspirin consists of the mass of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and other compounds giving a total mass of 138. 12 (g mol-1). The pure aspirin shows only one spot on the paper, this is because it consists of only one compound, that being 2-acetoxybenzoic acid (aspirin). Pure aspirin has a molecular mass of 180. 157 (g/mol). The synthesised crude aspirin also shows only one spot but this is very far away from the pure aspirin Rf, although it could consist of multiple components close in mass so they merge into one spot. This clearly qualitatively shows the level of impurity as it is much heavier showing it contains other compounds weighing it down, which it should not have if synthesised meticulously. The willow bark product produced 3 spots on the paper which indicates it has multiple constituents all heavier than pure aspirin therefore is impure. This was expected because of the source, although the TLC (thin layer chromatography) paper could have been accidently splashed with an organic compound during the experimentation process and thus distorting the results by showing extra spots, this is unlikely as it’s expected that the willow bark product will be heavily impure. The paper also shows an elongated spot which is due to the solution being too concentrated. Fig 1. Aspirin StructurePhenol Structure 2- Hydroxybenzoic Willow Bark Synthesis Acid structure Chemical tests 1. Reaction with sodium carbonate CompoundObservations Phenol 2-hydoxybenzoic acidBubbled, clumped and floated to the surface of solution Crude aspirin Pure aspirin- Product from willow bark Phenol served as a comparison for the sodium carbonate to show it didn’t produce a reaction when it shouldn’t have. An above observation was made when sodium carbonate reacted with 2-hydroxybenzoic acid which was expected due to CO2 being released when an acid and a carbonate combine, below shows the reaction that took place. C7H6O3 + Na2CO3 NaC7H5O3 + H2O + CO2 No reactions were observed for the crude or pure aspirin which revealed the 2-hydroxybenzoic acid had formed a new product during synthesis which has no reaction with sodium carbonate. This was the outcome required and was achieved based on this test. The product derived from willow bark also showed no reaction as it had no component within it that reacted with sodium carbonate, no acid group within this natural product. 2. Reaction with Fe3+ CompoundColour with Fe3+ PhenolIntensely Purple 2-hydroxybenzoic acidPurple and frothy Crude AspirinPale purple, almost translucent Pure AspirinLight brown Product from Willow BarkBlack A solution presenting purple when mixed with an iron group shows the presence of a Phenol group. All mixtures, apart from the pure aspirin, exhibited this although all varied in colour intensity. Aspirin doesn’t have a Phenol group as can be seen from the lack of purple in the solution so this can be used as a control along with the phenol solution itself. From this test it can be seen, to what degree each compound has a phenol impurity. The solution containing the crude aspirin only changed to a slight translucent purple indicating a low level of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (as can be seen this compound reacts strongly to the addition of Fe) and so the crude aspirin has impurities but only to a certain degree. The pure aspirin shows how a  compound with less impurities shouldn’t contain phenol and how this reacts in the solution and what colour should appear, colours away from this contain impurities. The willow bark product displayed an intense black colour, possibly so purple it looked black, so far away from the pure aspirin colour that contaminations are certain. Evaluation All procedures and processes of each stage of synthesis had variables that could result in an impure product. Although the recrystallisation stage, to remove impurities, was performed by an experienced laboratory staff member errors could still have occurred and these must be considered. Before the crude aspirin was recrystallised it may have contained various impurities that were not all eradicated by the precipitation process, these could include: contaminations in the air and C2H4O2 (a product of the original reaction), along with contaminations in the distilled water used, although this is better than using tap water. A high or even moderate yield was not achieved. This could be due to many factors; the experience of the chemists producing the aspirin having a poor laboratory technique, thus procedures were not carried out effectively and without error. Percentages of the substances could have been lost or misplaced during stages of the procedure. Other variables that could lead to the yield being less than 100% are: transfer of the product between containers, an incomplete reaction could have occurred, and is likely to have, where each compound does not fully react when it should due to factors beyond control, this will lower the products final mass. Recrystallisation also loses product and therefore yield as some product may still be left in the solution or on the filter paper. The aspirin may not have dried properly; making the mass higher therefore the purity would be lower. This factor could have distorted all results consequently when comparing, all would have the same distortion. The melting points may have inaccuracies as the temperature at which the willow bark melted was debated by the group. Lack of concentration and difficulty in determining when it had melted may have led to the product melting fully before it was observed and this would lead to a distortion of the results. It would be expected that the willow bark would melt at a higher temperature that the crude aspirin as it is known to have more impurities. Conclusion The overall objectives were to synthesise aspirin from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid and willow bark, and qualitatively determine the purity of each product, this was achieved as aspirin was produced from both the willow bark and the substances. The results from all tests do display that there were impurities, although they did not all show a consistent level of impurity. There was a noted difference, but not greatly so, in appearance between the crude and pure aspirin when tested with the Fe3+ solution. In contrast the TLC test exhibited a drastic comparable difference between the crude and pure aspirin. Possibly this was because the TLC did not use a subjective scale like the other tests, the quantitative measurability of the results allowed the outcome to be easily compared to the other products and against the pure aspirin. All tests showed a qualitative visual level of impurity in the results. Although this level varied and cannot be compared due to the difference in format of the results for each test, it can be seen, in general, that the crude aspirin contained more impurities than the pure aspirin and the willow bark product was the most impure of them all. This was expected. Although a ‘pure’ aspirin was synthesised from the crude, this is still an aspirin substance synthesised in a college laboratory by college students who are not skilled in laboratory practice and could have contaminated the experiment at various stages and not been astute enough to record and monitor reactions well. This could lead to the ‘pure’ aspirin only being a certain level of pure itself therefore any comparisons made against it are relative to that aspirin not the aspirin on the market/in stores. This can be seen in the chromatography test where documented aspirin has a retardation factor of 0. 56 but the synthesised pure aspirin is much lighter meaning it may not contain all the compounds found in correctly synthesised aspirin. To conclude if all variables and experimenter error was controlled a purer product would have been made and a higher yield would have been produced. Not all variables can be accounted for and therefore a 100% yield can never be achieved, even in a manufacturer setting.